I Biomaratón de Flora Española: ciencia ciudadana para visibilizar la biodiversidad vegetal

[ES] Con objeto de fomentar el interés por la botánica, surgió la idea de organizar el I Biomaratón de Flora Española: un evento de ciencia ciudadana en el que personas de todo el país salieron a fotografiar el mayor número posible de plantas. Se realizó utilizando la plataforma de ciencia ciudadana iNaturalist, y se vertebró por medio de coordinadores en todas las comunidades autónomas y de alrededor de 100 instituciones, que dieron apoyo y divulgación al evento. Del 21 al 23 de mayo de 2021, más de 1.000 participantes registraron unas 25.000 observaciones de más de 2.500 especies, aproximadamente el 25% de las especies documentadas en España. Además, se organizaron actividades asociadas, como charlas, paseos botánicos, talleres de manejo de la plataforma, etc. Posteriormente se realizó un datablitz, centrado en la identificación de grupos de plantas poco conocidos, complicados y/o atractivos, y en compartir las experiencias de las actividades realizadas, fomentando así la interacción entre botánicos y ciudadanos. Este ha sido el mayor evento de ciencia ciudadana centrado en la botánica organizado en España. Queda demostrado que la acción conjunta de aficionados y profesionales puede ayudar a fomentar la pasión por la biodiversidad.[EN] With the intention of fostering the interest in botany in the society, the idea of organizing the 1st Bioblitz of Spanish Flora arose: a citizen science event in which people from all over the country went out to register as many species of plants as possible through photographs. The event was organized throughout the iNaturalist citizen science platform, and later supported by coordinators in all the Spanish Autonomous Communities and around 100 institutions that gave support and dissemination of the event. From May 21st to 23rd of 2021, more than 1,000 participants recorded about 25,000 observations of more than 2,500 species, approximately 25% of the species documented in Spain. In addition, numerous associated activities were organized, such as talks, botanical walks, workshops, etc. Subsequently, a datablitz was held, focused on the identification of little-known, complicated and/or attractive plant groups, and to share the experiences of the activities carried out, thus promoting interaction between botanists and citizens. To conclude, some of the experiences of the Bioblitz were presented. This is the largest botanical-focused citizen science event ever organized in Spain. It has been proven that the cooperative action of amateurs and professionals might help foster the passion for biodiversity.Motivación y objetivos Resultados del I Biomaratón Evento datablitz para comunicar a científicos y ciudadanos Ciencia ciudadana como motor de interés botánico II Biomaratón de Flora Española Agradecimiento

El Biomaratón de Flora Española: un evento de participación ciudadana para reconectar a la ciudadanía con la diversidad vegetal

Póster presentado en el XI Congreso de Biología de la Conservación de Plantas (SEBiCoP) celebrado del 17 al 21 de julio de 202

A tale of worldwide success: Behind the scenes of Carex (Cyperaceae) biogeography and diversification

The megadiverse genus Carex (c. 2000 species, Cyperaceae) has a nearly cosmopolitan distribution, displaying an inverted latitudinal richness gradient with higher species diversity in cold-temperate areas of the Northern Hemisphere. Despite great expansion in our knowledge of the phylogenetic history of the genus and many molecular studies focusing on the biogeography of particular groups during the last few decades, a global analysis of Carex biogeography and diversification is still lacking. For this purpose, we built the hitherto most comprehensive Carex-dated phylogeny based on three markers (ETS–ITS–matK), using a previous phylogenomic Hyb-Seq framework, and a sampling of two-thirds of its species and all recognized sections. Ancestral area reconstruction, biogeographic stochastic mapping, and diversification rate analyses were conducted to elucidate macroevolutionary biogeographic and diversification patterns. Our results reveal that Carex originated in the late Eocene in E Asia, where it probably remained until the synchronous diversification of its main subgeneric lineages during the late Oligocene. E Asia is supported as the cradle of Carex diversification, as well as a “museum” of extant species diversity. Subsequent “out-of-Asia” colonization patterns feature multiple asymmetric dispersals clustered toward present times among the Northern Hemisphere regions, with major regions acting both as source and sink (especially Asia and North America), as well as several independent colonization events of the Southern Hemisphere. We detected 13 notable diversification rate shifts during the last 10 My, including remarkable radiations in North America and New Zealand, which occurred concurrently with the late Neogene global cooling, which suggests that diversification involved the colonization of new areas and expansion into novel areas of niche space.This work was carried out with financial support by the National Science Foundation (Award #1255901 to ALH and Award #1256033 to EHR), the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (project CGL2016–77401‐P to SM-B and ML), the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture (McIntire Stennis project 1018692 to DS) as well as postdoctoral fellowships towards SM‐B (Universidad Pablo de Olavide, PP16/12‐APP), and PJ‐M (National Science Foundation, Award #1256033, and the Smithsonian Postdoctoral Fellowship program)

Novedades corológicas para la flora vascular de la sierra de Gredos (Sistema Central, España)

In the present paper, 58 chorological novelties for Gredos range (Central System, Spain) are showed. Some of them represent important disjunctions with respect to known Iberian distribution, as the cases of Cytinus ruber (Fourr.) Fritsh, Isolepis fluitans (L.) R.Br., Alyssum montanum L. and Lysimachia ephemerum L. Some species, such as Carex lainzii Luceño, E. Rico & T. Romero, Iberodes brassicifolia (Lag.) Serrano, R. Carbajal & S. Ortiz, Lycopodiella inundata (L.) J. Holub and Tephroseris coincyi (Rouy) Holub are of great interest from a conservational point of view. Finally, we present a number of provincial novelties, mainly for Ávil

A new classification of Cyperaceae (Poales) supported by phylogenomic data

Cyperaceae (sedges) are the third largest monocot family and are of considerable economic and ecological importance. Sedges represent an ideal model family to study evolutionary biology because of their species richness, global distribution, large discrepancies in lineage diversity, broad range of ecological preferences, and adaptations including multiple origins of C4 photosynthesis and holocentric chromosomes. Goetghebeur’s seminal work on Cyperaceae published in 1998 provided the most recent complete classification at tribal and generic level, based on a morphological study of Cyperaceae inflorescence, spikelet, flower and embryo characters plus anatomical and other information. Since then, several family‐level molecular phylogenetic studies using Sanger sequence data have been published. Here, more than 20 years after the last comprehensive classification of the family, we present the first family‐wide phylogenomic study of Cyperaceae based on targeted sequencing using the Angiosperms353 probe kit sampling 311 accessions. Additionally, 62 accessions available from GenBank were mined for overlapping reads and included in the phylogenomic analyses. Informed by this backbone phylogeny, a new classification for the family at the tribal, subtribal and generic levels is proposed. The majority of previously recognized suprageneric groups are supported, and for the first time we establish support for tribe Cryptangieae as a clade including the genus Koyamaea. We provide a taxonomic treatment including identification keys and diagnoses for the 2 subfamilies, 24 tribes and 10 subtribes and basic information on the 95 genera. The classification includes five new subtribes in tribe Schoeneae: Anthelepidinae, Caustiinae, Gymnoschoeninae, Lepidospermatinae and Oreobolinae. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

Evolución cromosomática y su relación con los patrones de diversificación en angiospermas: un acercamiento macro y microevolutivo a través de la hiperdiversa familia de las ciperáceas

Programa de Doctorado en Medio Ambiente y SociedadLínea de Investigación: Biodiversidad y Biología de la ConservaciónClave Programa: DAMCódigo Línea: 83Chromosome evolution is one of the main drivers of differentiation and, eventually, speciation among eukaryotic organisms. This diversification could be triggered either by whole genome duplication (polyploidy) or partial duplications or deletions of the karyotype (aneuploidy). Moreover, mutations that cause dysploidy events (fusion or fission) or translocations in certain chromosomes could also favor diversification. The centromere plays a fundamental role in the cell division process with respect to genetic inheritance. Chromosomes with a single centromere are named monocentric, whilst the so-called holocentric chromosomes present a large number of centromeres throughout the chromosomes. If a holocentric chromosome were to break, remaining fragments would be viable in the subsequent cell division events, due to the fact that each fragment would be carrying at least one functional centromere. In the first place, we have studied the appearance of the monocentric and holocentric chromosomes in the tree of life, and the transitions between both types, being more frequent the reversion to monocentry. In the second place, we have gone in depth in the diversity of holocentric lineages, observing that there is no significant diversification difference between holocentry vs. monocentry when comparing with its sister lineages. Therefore, we continue to study whether different modes of chromosome number evolution exist in the most species-rich holocentric plant lineage (family Cyperaceae, order Poales). We found significant support for a complex model displaying different scenarios, based on its relationship with previously reported diversification shifts in the family. Finally, we focused on the relationship between chromosome number and several climatic and morphological factors in the genus Carex. This is the most diverse among the sedges genera, with ca. 2000 species, and which karyotype mainly evolves by means of dysploidy. We found significantly higher diversification rates near intermedial chromosome numbers of the genus. We infer that, despite showing a multitude of distinct evolutionary histories, chromosome number seems to have had an impact on the genus evolution, in part related to morphological and niche climatic characteristics.Universidad Pablo de Olavide de Sevilla. Departamento de Biología Molecular e Ingeniería Bioquímic

The holocentric chromosome microevolution: From phylogeographic patterns to genomic associations with environmental gradients.

Geographic isolation and chromosome evolution are two of the major drivers of diversification in eukaryotes in general, and specifically, in plants. On one hand, range shifts induced by Pleistocene glacial oscillations deeply shaped the evolutionary trajectories of species in the Northern Hemisphere. On the other hand, karyotype variability within species or species complexes may have adaptive potential as different karyotypes may represent different recombination rates and linkage groups that may be associated with locally adapted genes or supergenes. Organisms with holocentric chromosomes are ideal to study the link between local adaptation and chromosome evolution, due to their high cytogenetic variability, especially when it seems to be related to environmental variation. Here, we integrate the study of the phylogeography, chromosomal evolution and ecological requirements of a plant species complex distributed in the Western Euro‐Mediterranean region ( gr. , Cyperaceae). We aim to clarify the relative influence of these factors on population differentiation and ultimately on speciation. We obtained a well‐resolved RADseq phylogeny that sheds light on the phylogeographic patterns of molecular and chromosome number variation, which are compatible with south‐to‐north postglacial migration. In addition, landscape genomics analyses identified candidate loci for local adaptation, and also strong significant associations between the karyotype and the environment. We conclude that karyotype distribution in gr. has been constrained by both range shift dynamics and local adaptation. Our study demonstrates that chromosome evolution may be responsible, at least partially, for microevolutionary patterns of population differentiation and adaptation in

I Biomaratón de Flora Española: ciencia ciudadana para visibilizar la biodiversidad vegetal

Con objeto de fomentar el interés por la botánica, surgió la idea de organizar el I Biomaratón de Flora Española: un evento de ciencia ciudadana en el que personas de todo el país salieron a fotografiar el mayor número posible de plantas. Se realizó utilizando la plataforma de ciencia ciudadana iNaturalist, y se vertebró por medio de coordinadores en todas las comunidades autónomas y de alrededor de 100 instituciones, que dieron apoyo y divulgación al evento. Del 21 al 23 de mayo de 2021, más de 1.000 participantes registraron unas 25.000 observaciones de más de 2.500 especies, aproximadamente el 25% de las especies documentadas en España. Además, se organizaron actividades asociadas, como charlas, paseos botánicos, talleres de manejo de la plataforma, etc. Posteriormente se realizó un datablitz, centrado en la identificación de grupos de plantas poco conocidos, complicados y/o atractivos, y en compartir las experiencias de las actividades realizadas, fomentando así la interacción entre botánicos y ciudadanos. Este ha sido el mayor evento de ciencia ciudadana centrado en la botánica organizado en España. Queda demostrado que la acción conjunta de aficionados y profesionales puede ayudar a fomentar la pasión por la biodiversidad.With the intention of fostering the interest in botany in the society, the idea of organizing the 1st Bioblitz of Spanish Flora arose: a citizen science event in which people from all over the country went out to register as many species of plants as possible through photographs. The event was organized throughout the iNaturalist citizen science platform, and later supported by coordinators in all the Spanish Autonomous Communities and around 100 institutions that gave support and dissemination of the event. From May 21st to 23rd of 2021, more than 1,000 participants recorded about 25,000 observations of more than 2,500 species, approximately 25% of the species documented in Spain. In addition, numerous associated activities were organized, such as talks, botanical walks, workshops, etc. Subsequently, a datablitz was held, focused on the identification of little-known, complicated and/or attractive plant groups, and to share the experiences of the activities carried out, thus promoting interaction between botanists and citizens. To conclude, some of the experiences of the Bioblitz were presented. This is the largest botanical-focused citizen science event ever organized in Spain. It has been proven that the cooperative action of amateurs and professionals might help foster the passion for biodiversity

The evolutionary history of sedges (Cyperaceae) in Madagascar

Aim: Madagascar is renowned for its unparalleled biodiversity and endemism. With many ecosystems under threat, research is urgently needed on its unique plant diversity. This applies both to Madagascar's forests and treeless vegetation types. Sedges (Cyperaceae) are among the top 10 species-richest angiosperm families in Madagascar (310 native species, 38% endemic), of which two-thirds occur in open habitats. We aimed to infer the evolutionary history of sedges in Madagascar, by estimating the number, age and origins of endemic lineages, and how they diversified on the island. We tested contrasting hypotheses of (a) few colonizations but important in situ radiations against (b) a high number of anagenetic colonizations. Location: Madagascar and the surrounding Indian Ocean islands, integrated within a global dataset. Taxon: Sedge family Cyperaceae. Methods: We estimated time-calibrated molecular phylogenies encompassing a large proportion of Madagascar's known sedge flora (incl. 55% of native species), integrating sequence data for 1,382 accessions representing almost 25% of the c. 5,600 sedge species worldwide, combined with ancestral area reconstruction, diversification analyses and Bayesian stochastic mapping. Results: Cyperaceae lineages arrived in Madagascar from c. 40 Mya with many arriving more recently. About 20 endemic lineages of Cyperaceae occur on the island, of which only six encompass more than five species. All except one of the endemic lineages that diversified in Madagascar use the C3 photosynthetic pathway. The main biogeographical links of Madagascar's sedge flora are to Southern and Tropical Africa. Main conclusions: The biogeographical history of Cyperaceae in Madagascar is a chronicle of relatively recent multiple in and out processes of long-distance dispersal colonizations constrained by distance. Also, the Madagascar region is not only a ‘sink’ for immigrant taxa, in situ diversification and dispersal to other regions also occurred. Some of the most diverse endemic lineages show clear adaptation to local environments

An integrative monograph of Carex section Schoenoxiphium (Cyperaceae)

Carex section Schoenoxiphium (Cariceae, Cyperaceae) is endemic to the Afrotropical biogeographic region and is mainly distributed in southern and eastern Africa, with its center of diversity in eastern South Africa. The taxon was formerly recognized as a distinct genus and has a long history of taxonomic controversy. It has also an important morphological and molecular background in particular dealing with the complexity of its inflorescence and the phylogenetic relationships of its species. We here present a fully updated and integrative monograph of Carex section Schoenoxiphium based on morphological, molecular and cytogenetic data. A total of 1,017 herbarium specimens were examined and the majority of the species were studied in the field. Previous molecular phylogenies based on Sanger-sequencing of four nuclear and plastid DNA regions and RAD-seq were expanded. For the first time, chromosome numbers were obtained, with cytogenetic counts on 44 populations from 15 species and one hybrid. Our taxonomic treatment recognizes 21 species, one of them herein newly described (C. gordon-grayae). Our results agree with previous molecular works that have found five main lineages in Schoenoxiphium. We provide detailed morphological descriptions, distribution maps and analytical drawings of all accepted species in section Schoenoxiphium, an identification key, and a thorough nomenclatural survey including 19 new typifications and one nomen novum